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1DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS IF INTONATION
1.1 APPROACHES TO THE INTONATION STUDY
1.2DEFINITION OF INTONATION
1.3FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
1.3.1 DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION
1.3.3INTONATION AND TEXT LINGUISTICS
1.3.4 ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
2COMPONENTS OF INTONATION IN RELATION TO IT’S FUNCTIONS
3INTONATION AND STYLE OF A TEXT
CONCLUSION
Bibliography:
1.1 APPROACHES TO THE INTONATION STUDY
British and American researches consider the topic in different ways. Thus, the British linguists use so called contour analysis to study intonation (H. Sweet, D. Jones, G. Palmer, and others) [Y, pp. 88-90]. They consider the intonation as an overlay to the lexical and grammatical structures and its functions mainly refer to show someone’s attitude to the situation with the help of tone-blocks (the smallest meaningful units, consisting of pre-head, head and nucleus taken altogether). The researchers identified ten tone-block types and then matched with sentence types (statement, question, exclamation, command).
Another approach of grammatical study of intonation is taken by the British Linguist M. Halliday. The main unit of intonation here is a clause. This unit consist of three systemic parameters: tonality, tonicity and tone. Thus, tonality indicates the beginning and the end of a tone-group.
...
1.2 DEFINITION OF INTONATION
As stated by the most of Russian linguists, on the perception level, intonation is defined as a complex, a whole, formed by significant variations of pitch, loudness and tempo (the rate of speech and pausation) closely related [3, p. 70]. In any definitions, we can find components of intonation including timbre (voice quality). However, M.A. Sokolova points that timbre should not be part of the definition, because it has not been sufficiently described yet. Though speech timbre can definitely convey certain shades of attitudinal or emotional meaning there is no good reason to consider it alongside with the three basic components of intonation,1. e. pitch, loudness and tempo [3, p. 71].
Russian researchers have a broader view of intonation. They are convinced that it is impossible to restrict intonation to pitch characteristics as they work together as a unit in the process of speech.
...
1.3 FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
It is commonly known that intonation patterns are systematic in any language. Usually speakers use the same patterns of intonation for the same purposes. If one uses wrong intonation it can be easily eliminated in relation with accent or even can be misunderstood.
The category of Intonation is very complex itself. In this relation there is no agreement between researchers about the functional aspect of intonation. There are some various classifications of Intonation functions. T. M. Nikolaeva points three main functions: 1) delimitation, 2) integration and 3) semantic function [1, p. 185].
Also, M.A Sokolova and others [ 4, p. 71] point that there are some more authors distinguished such functions of intonation as: communicative, distinctive (or phonological), culminative (accentual), integrative, delimitating, expressive, aesthetic (N.V. Cheremisina).
...
1.3.1 DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION
Phonological level illustrates the distinctive function of intonation best (intonology - a part of phonology). Segmental phonemes here are related to the analysis of oppositions (minimal pairs of phrases of identical grammar structure and lexical structure) where the difference in meaning is expressed by intonation only. This topic has a range of descriptions in relation with the significance attached to diverse intonation patterns. Foreign authors J. O'Connor and G. Arnold from attitude point of view attach these meanings to nucleus separately. They combine ten "tone-unit types" with sentence types. In this relation they eliminate the following sentence types: statement, question, command and exclamation [3, p. 81].
M. Halliday has an assumption that intonation opposites have grammatical nature. This author points a separate significance to the pre-nuclear choices, again taking one choice as neutral and the others as meaningful by contrast.
D.
...
1.3.3 INTONATION AND TEXT LINGUISTICS
It is important to study the role of Intonation in discourse. It is important to know because it helps to organize oral speech and to achieve goals of convincing people on one’s behalf in different life situations. This topic is also interesting to the teachers of rhetoric. The part of Linguistics that deals with such topics are called “text linguistics” and “discourse analysis”. Several researches refer to the term "discourse" in oral language, while the term "text" is commonly used to describe the structure of written language. However, since our primary concern is the functional aspect of intonation in oral speech we are not going to specify the particular meaning of the terms and look at the prosodic organization of oral discourse, or text. Discourse structures refer to the stressing the most important information in speech. It is quite essential to ty up the main parts within the phrase and the whole text.
...
1.3.4 ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
Some researchers outline the additional functions of Intonation such as pragmatic, rhetorical and social. Pragmatic function deals with the concept there some pragmatic rules following which guarantees the successful interaction during the conversation. According to D. Crystal, Pragmatics is the study of factors that affect our choice of the language tools in social interactions [ p. 94].
There two sides of this topic. First, there are the rules of speech behavior that determine the language tools we use in a particular speech situation. They are so simple as we use them already unconsciously (for example, if someone starts talking about the weather, so we need to reply accordingly, etc.). Second, different tools of speech including prosodic ones produce different influence to the listeners. That means that the intonation is used with a purpose. This purpose is a special, pragmatic.
...
2 COMPONENTS OF INTONATION IN RELATION TO IT’S FUNCTIONS
In each language, intonation is required for the “external” design of the proposals. The conversant can understand what type of sentence it is (narrative, question, request, or exclamation) with the help of intonation. In the Russian language, for example, the sentence "it is hot outside" may prove to be as affirmative, interrogative and exclamation marks, depending on which tone it is said. Emotions are expressed by intonation. For example, "I'm glad to hear that" can be both a joy and sarcasm.
Each language has its own unique pitch that is fairly difficult to repeat, which causes more difficulties when studying foreign language. The English language has a pronounced analytical nature, so intonation plays a special role.
...
3 INTONATION AND STYLE OF A TEXT
When intonation tools are put together they form stylistics or the style of the oral speech. Again, we use the term ‘text’ applying it to the spoken language. What stylistic type we will use, depends on the purpose of our speech and communication in general. It also affected by different non-linguistic, social and other factors. The author [5 p., 112] highlights the following styles of the speech: 1. Informational.
2. Academic (Scientific).
3. Publicistic (Oratorial).
4. Declamatory (Artistic).
5. Conversational (Familiar).
Symbols of Intonational style are limited by the context and situation of conversation as well as the purpose of the conversation. Depending on the aim of our speech, we make it. For example, I need tomorrow to present my research work to my colleagues. So, I need to prepare the text in Academic style. Then during the preparation process I will try to declare it with appropriate intonation.
...
CONCLUSION
Intonation is a main feature in the process of communication and the process of communication has its great goal of exchange the information. It is important in modern world when the English language became the tool of international communication. Intonation is a phonetic phenomenon generally studied within the language aspects as acoustic, auditory and functional. The functional level of intonation actualizes linguistic functions of it.
Both the British and American school, intonation is restricted to the pitch (tone) changes only. There intonation is defined with pitch movements (or melody), because it has significant linguistic value. This point of view is shared by contemporary foreign linguists.
Russian linguists state that the priority of the pitch parameter is quite evident, but real communication involves the change of other intonation parameters as well as loudness, tempo and timbre.
...
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1DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS IF INTONATION
1.1 APPROACHES TO THE INTONATION STUDY
1.2DEFINITION OF INTONATION
1.3FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
1.3.1 DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION
1.3.3INTONATION AND TEXT LINGUISTICS
1.3.4 ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
2COMPONENTS OF INTONATION IN RELATION TO IT’S FUNCTIONS
3INTONATION AND STYLE OF A TEXT
CONCLUSION
Bibliography:
1.1 APPROACHES TO THE INTONATION STUDY
British and American researches consider the topic in different ways. Thus, the British linguists use so called contour analysis to study intonation (H. Sweet, D. Jones, G. Palmer, and others) [Y, pp. 88-90]. They consider the intonation as an overlay to the lexical and grammatical structures and its functions mainly refer to show someone’s attitude to the situation with the help of tone-blocks (the smallest meaningful units, consisting of pre-head, head and nucleus taken altogether). The researchers identified ten tone-block types and then matched with sentence types (statement, question, exclamation, command).
Another approach of grammatical study of intonation is taken by the British Linguist M. Halliday. The main unit of intonation here is a clause. This unit consist of three systemic parameters: tonality, tonicity and tone. Thus, tonality indicates the beginning and the end of a tone-group.
...
1.2 DEFINITION OF INTONATION
As stated by the most of Russian linguists, on the perception level, intonation is defined as a complex, a whole, formed by significant variations of pitch, loudness and tempo (the rate of speech and pausation) closely related [3, p. 70]. In any definitions, we can find components of intonation including timbre (voice quality). However, M.A. Sokolova points that timbre should not be part of the definition, because it has not been sufficiently described yet. Though speech timbre can definitely convey certain shades of attitudinal or emotional meaning there is no good reason to consider it alongside with the three basic components of intonation,1. e. pitch, loudness and tempo [3, p. 71].
Russian researchers have a broader view of intonation. They are convinced that it is impossible to restrict intonation to pitch characteristics as they work together as a unit in the process of speech.
...
1.3 FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
It is commonly known that intonation patterns are systematic in any language. Usually speakers use the same patterns of intonation for the same purposes. If one uses wrong intonation it can be easily eliminated in relation with accent or even can be misunderstood.
The category of Intonation is very complex itself. In this relation there is no agreement between researchers about the functional aspect of intonation. There are some various classifications of Intonation functions. T. M. Nikolaeva points three main functions: 1) delimitation, 2) integration and 3) semantic function [1, p. 185].
Also, M.A Sokolova and others [ 4, p. 71] point that there are some more authors distinguished such functions of intonation as: communicative, distinctive (or phonological), culminative (accentual), integrative, delimitating, expressive, aesthetic (N.V. Cheremisina).
...
1.3.1 DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION
Phonological level illustrates the distinctive function of intonation best (intonology - a part of phonology). Segmental phonemes here are related to the analysis of oppositions (minimal pairs of phrases of identical grammar structure and lexical structure) where the difference in meaning is expressed by intonation only. This topic has a range of descriptions in relation with the significance attached to diverse intonation patterns. Foreign authors J. O'Connor and G. Arnold from attitude point of view attach these meanings to nucleus separately. They combine ten "tone-unit types" with sentence types. In this relation they eliminate the following sentence types: statement, question, command and exclamation [3, p. 81].
M. Halliday has an assumption that intonation opposites have grammatical nature. This author points a separate significance to the pre-nuclear choices, again taking one choice as neutral and the others as meaningful by contrast.
D.
...
1.3.3 INTONATION AND TEXT LINGUISTICS
It is important to study the role of Intonation in discourse. It is important to know because it helps to organize oral speech and to achieve goals of convincing people on one’s behalf in different life situations. This topic is also interesting to the teachers of rhetoric. The part of Linguistics that deals with such topics are called “text linguistics” and “discourse analysis”. Several researches refer to the term "discourse" in oral language, while the term "text" is commonly used to describe the structure of written language. However, since our primary concern is the functional aspect of intonation in oral speech we are not going to specify the particular meaning of the terms and look at the prosodic organization of oral discourse, or text. Discourse structures refer to the stressing the most important information in speech. It is quite essential to ty up the main parts within the phrase and the whole text.
...
1.3.4 ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
Some researchers outline the additional functions of Intonation such as pragmatic, rhetorical and social. Pragmatic function deals with the concept there some pragmatic rules following which guarantees the successful interaction during the conversation. According to D. Crystal, Pragmatics is the study of factors that affect our choice of the language tools in social interactions [ p. 94].
There two sides of this topic. First, there are the rules of speech behavior that determine the language tools we use in a particular speech situation. They are so simple as we use them already unconsciously (for example, if someone starts talking about the weather, so we need to reply accordingly, etc.). Second, different tools of speech including prosodic ones produce different influence to the listeners. That means that the intonation is used with a purpose. This purpose is a special, pragmatic.
...
2 COMPONENTS OF INTONATION IN RELATION TO IT’S FUNCTIONS
In each language, intonation is required for the “external” design of the proposals. The conversant can understand what type of sentence it is (narrative, question, request, or exclamation) with the help of intonation. In the Russian language, for example, the sentence "it is hot outside" may prove to be as affirmative, interrogative and exclamation marks, depending on which tone it is said. Emotions are expressed by intonation. For example, "I'm glad to hear that" can be both a joy and sarcasm.
Each language has its own unique pitch that is fairly difficult to repeat, which causes more difficulties when studying foreign language. The English language has a pronounced analytical nature, so intonation plays a special role.
...
3 INTONATION AND STYLE OF A TEXT
When intonation tools are put together they form stylistics or the style of the oral speech. Again, we use the term ‘text’ applying it to the spoken language. What stylistic type we will use, depends on the purpose of our speech and communication in general. It also affected by different non-linguistic, social and other factors. The author [5 p., 112] highlights the following styles of the speech: 1. Informational.
2. Academic (Scientific).
3. Publicistic (Oratorial).
4. Declamatory (Artistic).
5. Conversational (Familiar).
Symbols of Intonational style are limited by the context and situation of conversation as well as the purpose of the conversation. Depending on the aim of our speech, we make it. For example, I need tomorrow to present my research work to my colleagues. So, I need to prepare the text in Academic style. Then during the preparation process I will try to declare it with appropriate intonation.
...
CONCLUSION
Intonation is a main feature in the process of communication and the process of communication has its great goal of exchange the information. It is important in modern world when the English language became the tool of international communication. Intonation is a phonetic phenomenon generally studied within the language aspects as acoustic, auditory and functional. The functional level of intonation actualizes linguistic functions of it.
Both the British and American school, intonation is restricted to the pitch (tone) changes only. There intonation is defined with pitch movements (or melody), because it has significant linguistic value. This point of view is shared by contemporary foreign linguists.
Russian linguists state that the priority of the pitch parameter is quite evident, but real communication involves the change of other intonation parameters as well as loudness, tempo and timbre.
...
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